| REGION | TRANSNATIONAL PIPELINE (NAME) | OIL/GAS | PLANNED (P), IN-PROGRESS (IP) or COMPLETED (C) | IF BEING PLANNED, IN WHICH STAGE OF PLANNING. ALSO, PROJECTED START/COMPLETION DATES. | STARTING POINT | ENDING POINT | TRANSIT STATE(S) | CAPACITY (INITIAL) | LENGTH | DIAMETER | DATE OF COMPLETION | OPERATION COMMENCEMENT DATE | CAPITAL COST | OWNERSHIP/MANAGEMENT | TARIFF/TRANSIT FEES | DISPUTES | ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES | NOTES | SOURCE | SECURITY | SIZE OF SECURITY | TARGET OF TERRORIST ATTACK | |||||||||
| GOVERNMENT PROVIDED / FUNDED | PRIVATELY FUNDED | NUMBER OF SECURITY PERSONNEL | COSTS | IF YES, LAST INCIDENT (YEAR)? | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SOUTH AMERICA | I N P R O C | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Gasbol (Bolivia-Brazil) [Map] | Natural gas | C | Sarta Cruz, Bolivia | Porto Alegre, Brazil | 1 Bcf/d. Utilization in the first quarter of 2006 was only 840 Mmcf/d. | 2,000-mile | 1999 | Total cost: $2.15 billion, of which $1.72 billion was spent on the Brazilian segment and $435 million on the Bolivian segment. TBG was the debt-holder for the project, financed with 64% debt and the remainder in equity. Sources of funding included: Inter-American Development Bank (IADB) (11.1%), World Bank (World Bank) (14.4%), International Finance Corporation (IFC) (5.8%), Andean Development Corporation (CAF) (3.7%), European Investment Bank (EIB) (2.8%), Finame (Brazilian National Development Bank agency) (13.3%), Export Credit Agencies (13.3%). External Financing (Loans) included: Petrobrás (BNDES-TCO) (17.8%), Petrobrás (7.7%), TBG and GTB Shareholders (10.1%), Internal Financing (Equity) (35.6%). Source: Mares | Gasbol ownership structure: TBG (Brazilian section) includes Gaspetro– Petrobrás GAS SA (51%), BBPP Holdings Ltda (29%), Enron (4%), Shell (4%), Transredes (12%). GTB (Bolivian section) includes: Gaspetro– Petrobrás GAS SA (9%), BBPP Holdings Ltda (6%), Enron (17%), Shell (17%), Transredes (51%). Source: Mares | According to EIA's Brazil Country Analysis Brief, Gasbol has been a recurring source of contention between Brazil and Bolivia. The agreement between the two countries is a 20-year, take-or-pay contract, meaning that Brazil often must pay for natural gas that it does not actually use. Bolivia has also objected to the low price that Brazil pays for natural gas through the Gasbol system, which are well below international levels. Despite these issues, Petrobras announced in January 2005 that it would like to increase the capacity of Gasbol, due to surging demand, however the completion of this expansion is uncertain and in May 2006, Petrobras reportedly canceled the expansion plans stating potential customers had withdrawn their commitements, in addition to Bolivia's nationalization of its upstream industries in May 2006 and its desire to double the price that Brazil pays for natural gas imports. | Gasbol also has a 170-mile, 100 Mmcf/d extension that connects to a natural gas-fired power plant in Cuibana, according to EIA's Brazil Country Analysis Brief. | EIA, Brazil
Aug 2006 and EIA, Bolivia Oct 2006. Mares, David R. "Natural Gas
Pipelines in The Southern Cone" Prepared for the Geopolitics of Natural
Gas Study, a joint project of the Program on Energy and Sustainable Development at Stanford University and the James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy of Rice University, May 2004. |
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| Parana-Uruguayana (Transportadora de Gas del Mercosur) [Map] | Natural gas | C | Parana, Argentina | Uruguaiana, Brazil | 100 Mmcf/d | 275-mile | 2000 | The Argentine portion is operated by Transportadora de Gas de Mercosur (TGM), a joint venture of Techint (Argentina), TotalFinaElf (France), Petronas (Malaysia), Compañia General de Combustibles (Argentina) and CMS Energy (US). The short 25-km stretch in Brazilian territory is operated by Transportadora Sul Brasileira de Gas (TSB), a joint venture between Gaspetro, Petrobras’ wholly owned natural gas subsidiary (25%); French TotalFinaElf (25%); Brazilian Ipiranga (20%), Spanish Repsol-YPF (15%), and Argentine Techint (15%). Source: IEA | There is a 380 mile extension of the pipeline under construction that will link Uruguayana to Porto Alegre. | EIA, Brazil Aug 2006 and EIA, Argentina Jan 2007. IEA Report: "South American Gas, Daring to Tap the Bounty" | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Yacimientos-Bolivian Gulf (Yabog, Bolivia-Argentina) [Map] | Natural gas | C | Campo Duran, Salta, Argentina | Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia | 230 Mmcf/d | 270-mile | 1972 | Financing for the project was provided by the World Bank and US private firms. Source: Mares | The Argentine portion is operated by Transportadora Gas del
Norte (TGN) and the Bolivian portion is operated by Transredes, a joint
venture between US Enron (25%), Shell (25%), Bolivian pension funds (34%) and other investors (16%). Source: IEA |
According to EIA's Bolivia Country Analysis Brief, Bolivia began natural gas exports to Argentina in 1972. While significant exports stopped in 1999, they resumed in 2004 in an attempt to help alleviate the Argentine energy crisis. In August 2005, the two countries agreed to extend the existing supply contract through 2007. Bolivia has sought to increase the price it receives from Argentina for exports and in June 2006 Argentina agreed to increase the price to $5 per million Btu (MMBtu) from the previous $3.40 per MMBtu; in addition, Bolivia expects the price to increase further in 2007. | EIA, Bolivia Oct 2006 and EIA, Argentina Jan 2007. Victor, David
G. (ed.), Amy M. Jaffe and Mark H. Hayes, Natural Gas and Geopolitics: From
1970 to 2040. Cambridge University Press, 2006. Mares, David R. "Natural
Gas Pipelines in The Southern Cone" Prepared for the Geopolitics of
Natural Gas Study, a joint project of the Program on Energy and Sustainable Development at Stanford University and the James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy of Rice University, May 2004. IEA Report: "South American Gas, Daring to Tap the Bounty" |
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| Cuiba Gas Pipeline | Natural gas | C | Bolivia | Brazil | 1999 | Victor, David G. (ed.), Amy M. Jaffe and Mark H. Hayes, Natural Gas and Geopolitics: From 1970 to 2040. Cambridge University Press, 2006 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Northeastern Pipeline | Natural gas | P | Tender launch announcement made in August 2006 by Bolivia and Argentina. | Bolivia | Argentina | 700 Mmcf/d | 750-mile | $1 billion | Argentina's state-owned oil company, Enarsa, is responsible for the management of natural gas imports from Bolivia. | The Northeastern Pipeline is intended to meet the increased demand for natural gas exports to Argentina, since the Yabog system is at full capacity. | EIA, Bolivia Oct 2006 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| TransAndino (Ecuador-Colombia) | Oil | C | Ecuador | Tumaco, Colombia | 50,000 bbl/d | According to the EIA Ecuador Country Analysis Brief, Ecuador's domestic SOTE pipeline experienced a shutdown in February 2006 due to environmental reasons. Protestors are in significant opposition to oil development in Ecuador due to increasing oil production in the Amazon region. | EIA, March 2007 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| TransAndino (Chile-Argentina) | Oil | C | Argentina | Chile | 115,000 bbl/d | 270-mile | EIA, Chile Sept 2006 and EIA, Argentina Jan 2007. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Arica-Sica | Oil | C | Chile | Bolivia | EIA, Chile Sept 2006 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mexico - Guatemala (No official name) | Natural gas | P | Protocal on construction signed in Dec 1999 between Guatamala and Mexico. | Jaltiplan de Morelos, Mexico | Puerto Quetzal, Guatemala | Pipeline could be extended to the Honduran and Salvadoran borders, and possibly to Nicaragua and Costa Rica, as part of a wider Central American natural gas pipeline network. | EIA, Central America Regional Factsheet Nov 2006 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Venezuela - Cartagena, Colombia (No official name) | Natural gas | IP | Work begun in July 2006. Final feasibility study regarding extension to Panama underway. | Venezuela | Cartagena, Colombia | Future plans include an extension of the completed pipeline from Colombia to Colon, Panama. | EIA, Central America Regional Factsheet Nov 2006 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Tierra del Fuego (Methanex PA) | Natural gas | C | Argentina | Chile | 2 Mcm/d | 83-km | 1996 | According to IEA, Tierra del Fuego was the first cross-border pipeline connecting Argentina to Chile. According to the EIA Argentina Country Analysis Brief, Argentina is a net exporter of natural gas, principally to Chile, however this relationship was strained in 2004 when Argentina repeatedly reduced natural gas exports to Chile in order to make up for domestic shortages. Since then, Argentina has regularly cut exports to Chile in order to meet domestic demand. In July 2006, Argentina doubled a tax on natural gas exports to Chile, seen by many as a means to offset higher costs for natural gas imports from Bolivia. Since Argentina is Chile's sole source of natural gas imports, the continuing supply disruptions have forced Chile to pursue alternatives for its future import needs. | EIA, Chile Sept 2006. IEA Report: "South American Gas, Daring to Tap the Bounty." Victor, David G. (ed.), Amy M. Jaffe and Mark H. Hayes, Natural Gas and Geopolitics: From 1970 to 2040. Cambridge University Press, 2006 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| El Condor-Posesion | Natural gas | C | Argentina | Chile | 2 Mcm/d | 9-km | 1999 | According to the EIA Argentina Country Analysis Brief, Argentina is a net exporter of natural gas, principally to Chile, however this relationship was strained in 2004 when Argentina repeatedly reduced natural gas exports to Chile in order to make up for domestic shortages. Since then, Argentina has regularly cut exports to Chile in order to meet domestic demand. In July 2006, Argentina doubled a tax on natural gas exports to Chile, seen by many as a means to offset higher costs for natural gas imports from Bolivia. Since Argentina is Chile's sole source of natural gas imports, the continuing supply disruptions have forced Chile to pursue alternatives for its future import needs. | EIA, Chile Sept 2006. IEA Report: "South American Gas, Daring to Tap the Bounty" | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Patagonia (or Patagónico, also called Methanex YPF and Methanex SIP) | Natural gas | C | Argentina | Chile | 2.8 Mcm/d | 33-km | 1999 | According to the EIA Argentina Country Analysis Brief, Argentina is a net exporter of natural gas, principally to Chile, however this relationship was strained in 2004 when Argentina repeatedly reduced natural gas exports to Chile in order to make up for domestic shortages. Since then, Argentina has regularly cut exports to Chile in order to meet domestic demand. In July 2006, Argentina doubled a tax on natural gas exports to Chile, seen by many as a means to offset higher costs for natural gas imports from Bolivia. Since Argentina is Chile's sole source of natural gas imports, the continuing supply disruptions have forced Chile to pursue alternatives for its future import needs. | EIA, Chile Sept 2006. IEA Report: "South American Gas, Daring to Tap the Bounty" | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| GasAtacama | Natural gas | C | Cornejo, Argentina | Mejillones, Norte Grande, Chile | 300 Mmcf/d | 580-mile | July 1999. | $350 million | The GasAtacama consortium includes US-based CMS Energy Corporation (40%), Chilean power company Endesa (40%) and two Argentine companies, Pluspetrol (16%) and Repsol-YPF (4%). Source: IEA | According to the EIA Argentina Country Analysis Brief, Argentina is a net exporter of natural gas, principally to Chile, however this relationship was strained in 2004 when Argentina repeatedly reduced natural gas exports to Chile in order to make up for domestic shortages. Since then, Argentina has regularly cut exports to Chile in order to meet domestic demand. In July 2006, Argentina doubled a tax on natural gas exports to Chile, seen by many as a means to offset higher costs for natural gas imports from Bolivia. Since Argentina is Chile's sole source of natural gas imports, the continuing supply disruptions have forced Chile to pursue alternatives for its future import needs. | EIA, Chile Sept 2006. IEA Report: "South American Gas, Daring to Tap the Bounty" | ||||||||||||||||||||
| NorAndino | Natural gas | C | Salta, Argentina | Antofagasta region, Chile | 250 Mmcf/d | 1,066-km | November 1999. | The NorAndino is a joint venture between Belgium’s Tractebel
(the operator, originally with a 66.6% stake) and US-based Southern Electric
(owner of Chilean power generator Edelnor, which originally owned 33.3%). In July 1999, Tractebel raised its stake in the project to 68.2% whilst Southern Electric retained 31.8% through a special-purpose company called Energía del Pacífico. Source: IEA |
According to the EIA Argentina Country Analysis Brief, Argentina is a net exporter of natural gas, principally to Chile, however this relationship was strained in 2004 when Argentina repeatedly reduced natural gas exports to Chile in order to make up for domestic shortages. Since then, Argentina has regularly cut exports to Chile in order to meet domestic demand. In July 2006, Argentina doubled a tax on natural gas exports to Chile, seen by many as a means to offset higher costs for natural gas imports from Bolivia. Since Argentina is Chile's sole source of natural gas imports, the continuing supply disruptions have forced Chile to pursue alternatives for its future import needs. | Runs parallel to the GasAtacama pipeline. | EIA, Chile Sept 2006. IEA Report: "South American Gas, Daring to Tap the Bounty." Victor, David G. (ed.), Amy M. Jaffe and Mark H. Hayes, Natural Gas and Geopolitics: From 1970 to 2040. Cambridge University Press, 2006 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| GasAndes [Map] | Natural gas | C | Neuquen basin, Argentina | Santiago, Chile | 310 Mmcf/d | 290-mile | 1997 | $325 million | GasAndes began as a consortium between TransCanada (with a 46.5% share), the Argentine Compañía General de Combustible (17.5%), the Chilean power generator GENER (13%) and Santiago gas distributor Metrogas (13%). In July 1998, TotalFinaElf acquired a 10% stake in the pipeline, and following its purchase in May 2000 of TransCanada’s South American assets, TotalFinaElf’s stake in GasAndes rose to 56.5%. Source: IEA | According to the EIA Argentina Country Analysis Brief, Argentina is a net exporter of natural gas, principally to Chile, however this relationship was strained in 2004 when Argentina repeatedly reduced natural gas exports to Chile in order to make up for domestic shortages. Since then, Argentina has regularly cut exports to Chile in order to meet domestic demand. In July 2006, Argentina doubled a tax on natural gas exports to Chile, seen by many as a means to offset higher costs for natural gas imports from Bolivia. Since Argentina is Chile's sole source of natural gas imports, the continuing supply disruptions have forced Chile to pursue alternatives for its future import needs. | EIA, Chile Sept 2006. IEA Report: "South American Gas, Daring to Tap the Bounty" | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Gasoducto del Pacifico (Pacific Pipeline) [Map] | Natural gas | C | Neuquen basin, Argentina | Concepcion, Chile | 340 Mmcf/d | 330-mile | 10-, 12-, 20-, and 24-inches | November 1999. | $350 million | Gasoducto del Pacífico began as a joint venture led by TransCanada, US-based El Paso Energy, Repsol-YPF, Chile’s Gasco and the Chilean state-owned oil company Enap. TransCanada sold its shares in Gasoducto del Pacífico to TotalFinaElf in May 2000. Source: IEA | According to the EIA Argentina Country Analysis Brief, Argentina is a net exporter of natural gas, principally to Chile, however this relationship was strained in 2004 when Argentina repeatedly reduced natural gas exports to Chile in order to make up for domestic shortages. Since then, Argentina has regularly cut exports to Chile in order to meet domestic demand. In July 2006, Argentina doubled a tax on natural gas exports to Chile, seen by many as a means to offset higher costs for natural gas imports from Bolivia. Since Argentina is Chile's sole source of natural gas imports, the continuing supply disruptions have forced Chile to pursue alternatives for its future import needs. | In April 2006, the pipelines' consortium submitted an environmental impact study for a proposed extension of the system to connect the main trunk line with the Campanario power plant in Cabrero, according to the EIA Chile Country Analysis Brief. | EIA, Chile Sept 2006 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Camisea, Peru - Tocopilla, Chile (No official name) | Natural gas | P | Formal feasibility study begun in June 2005 by Suez Energy International, a subsidiary of Belgium's Tractebel. | Camisea project, Peru | Tocopilla, Chile | 810 Mmcf/d | According to the EIA's Chile Country Analysis Brief, Chile has pursued alternative sources of natural gas imports in light of the disruption of supplies from Argentina, whereby repeated disruptions in flow of natural gas from Argentina to Chile have strained relations between the two countries in recent years. The Brief states that in 2004, Argentina suffered an energy crisis, forcing it to cut natural gas exports to Chile. Since then, exports to Chile have fluctuated between 20-50% below contracted volumes, with natural gas flows ceasing completely on some occasions. For example, Argentina completely cut exports to Chile for two weeks in August 2006. Along with the cuts in volumes, Argentina has also increased natural gas prices: in July 2006, Argentina increased its natural gas export tax to 45% from 20%. | The pipeline would have connects to the GasAtacama and NorAndio, allowing potential exports to Argentina, if future conditions permitted, according to the EIA Chile Country Analysis Brief. | EIA, Chile Sept 2006 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Gasoducto Cruz del Sur (GCDS), aka Southern Cross Pipeline | Natural gas | C | Neuquen basin, Argentina | Montevideo, Uruguay and Porto Alegre, Brazil | Uruguay | 190 Mmcf/d | 250-mile | 2002 | January 2003. | $170 million | The Cruz del Sur consortium included Britain’s British Gas (BG) (40%), Pan American Energy (a joint venture between UK-based BP and Argentine Bridas Energy) (30%), Germany’s Wintershall (10%), and the Uruguayan state oil company Ancap (20%). Source: IEA | EIA, Paraguay/Uruguay Nov 2006 and EIA, Argentina Jan 2007. IEA Report: "South American Gas, Daring to Tap the Bounty" | |||||||||||||||||||
| CR. Federico Slinger (aka Gasoducto del Litoral and Argentina-Uruguay) | Natural gas | C | Colon, Argentina | Paysandu, Uruguay | 4.9 Mmcf/d | 12-mile | November 1998. | Constructed and operated by Uruguay's state-owned Administracion Nacional de Combustibles Alcohol y Portland (ANCAP). | EIA, Paraguay/Uruguay Nov 2006 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Bolivia - Paraguay (No official name) | Natural gas | P | In 2002, the Bolivian and Paraguayan governments signed a preliminary agreement allowing for the construction. In June 2006, the two governments approved a plan to move forward with the pipeline. | Bolivia | Asuncion, Paraguay | 700 Mmcf/d | at least $2 billion | EIA, Paraguay/Uruguay Nov 2006 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Camisea, Peru - Chile (No official name) | Natural gas | P | In November 2005, talks over building the pipelie stalled over a maritime border dispute between the two countries. | Camisea, Peru | Chile | Talk stalled due to a maritime border dispute between the countries. | EIA, Peru May 2006 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Venezuela - Colombia (No official name) | Oil | P | There has been discussion about constructing the pipeline, and discussion of Chinese oil firms providing financing for it, though no solid plans have yet emerged. | Venezuela | Colombia | 620-mile | The pipeline would facilitate greater Venezuelan crude exports to Asia, bypassing the Panama Canal bottleneck and/or the high costs of shipping around Cape Horn. | EIA, Venezuela Sept 2006 and EIA, Colombia June 2006 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Colombia - Venezuela (No official name) | Natural gas | IP | Construction begun July 2006 with projected completion by 2008. | Punta Ballenas, Guajira basin, Colombia | Lake Maracaibo region, Venezuela | 150 Mmcf/d | 130-mile | $320 million | Venezuela eventually plans to reverse the flow of the pipeline once it has further developed its own domestic natural gas reserves. Colombia has also held discussions with Panama and Ecuador about extending the pipeline into those countries. | EIA, Venezuela Sept 2006 and EIA, Colombia June 2006 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Gasoducto del Sur | Natural gas | P | An accord to begin a feasibility study signed in December 2005. However, the plan has not moved beyond the planning stages due to factors such as high cost, disagreements about pricing and questions about availability of Venezuelan natural gas production to supply the system. | Venezuela | Argentina | Brazil | 5,000-mile | $20 billion | Plan might also incorporate Uruguay, Paraguay and Bolivia. | EIA, Venezuela Sept 2006 | |||||||||||||||||||||