REGION

TRANSNATIONAL PIPELINE (NAME)

OIL/GAS

PLANNED (P), IN-PROGRESS (IP) or COMPLETED (C)

IF BEING PLANNED, IN WHICH STAGE OF PLANNING. ALSO, PROJECTED START/COMPLETION DATES.

STARTING POINT

ENDING POINT

TRANSIT STATE(S)

CAPACITY (INITIAL)

LENGTH

DIAMETER

DATE OF COMPLETION

OPERATION COMMENCEMENT DATE

CAPITAL COST

OWNERSHIP/MANAGEMENT

TARIFF/TRANSIT FEES

DISPUTES

ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES

NOTES

SOURCE

SECURITY

SIZE OF SECURITY

TARGET OF TERRORIST ATTACK

GOVERNMENT PROVIDED / FUNDED

PRIVATELY FUNDED

NUMBER OF SECURITY PERSONNEL

COSTS

IF YES, LAST INCIDENT (YEAR)?

MIDDLE EAST

I N P R O C E S S O F B E I N G C O M P L E T E D

Arab Gas Pipeline (AGP)

Natural gas

C, extension In-Progress

Egypt

Syria

Jordan

Second section from Aqaba to northern Jordan: 1 Bcf/d

Jordan to Syria: 324-km

First section from Egypt to Aqaba, Jordan became operational in July 2003. Second section from Aqaba to northern Jordan became operational in Jan 2006.

Arab Gas, a joint Egyptian-Jordanian company, would distribute gas from the pipeline. Egypt and Turkey have signed an MOU with intent to set up a Turkish-Egyptian joint venture, Tergas, to pipe the gas to Turkey and Eastern Europe.

In early 2001, Egypt, Jordan, and Syria agreed in principle to extend the pipeline into Syria, with eventual natural gas exports to Turkey, Lebanon, and possibly Cyprus. As part of the AGP project, Egypt and Turkey have signed an MOU to pipe roughly 100-400 Mmcf/d of gas to Turkey and an additional 203-608 Mmcf/d to Eastern Europe, possibly through links with the Nabucco pipeline. Source: EIA's Egypt Country Analysis Brief.

EIA, Egypt Aug 2006, EIA, Eastern Mediterranean Oct 2006 and Alexander's Gas and Oil, March 29, 2006 "Ministers agree to extend Arab gas pipeline to Turkey."

Jordan Gas Transportation Pipeline

Natural gas

El Arish, Sinai Peninsula, Egypt

Aqaba port, Jordan

August 2003.

A May 2001 agreement guarantees 100 Mmcf/d of gas supplied by Egypt for 30 years. Regional governments continue to discuss extending the project, dubbed the "Arab Gas Pipeline" (AGP), to Syria and Lebanon, with a possible extension to Turkey, Cyprus and southern Europe. Source: EIA, Eastern Mediterranean Country Analysis Brief.

EIA, Eastern Mediterranean Oct 2006

Askhelon

Natural gas

The export of natural gas from Egypt to Israel has been under discussion since the mid-1990s and was finally agreed upon in June 2005. The pipeline will be operational by late 2007. Source: EIA's Egypt Country Analysis Brief.

El Arish, Sinai Peninsula, Egypt

Ashkelon, Israel

247.2 Bcf/y

80-mile

$300 million

Pipeline could also be used to transport Palestinian gas from the Gaza marine field to the Israeli port of Ashkelon. According to a BBC news report: "Any deal would represent a landmark in Middle Eastern relations, but BG said it would first require agreement between both governments...Israel has previously vowed never to buy gas from its neighbour." Source: BBC News, "Israel Could Buy Palestinian Gas."

The natural gas deal between Egypt and Israel calls for the East Mediterranean Gas Company (a consortium of Eyptian General Petroleum Corporation (EGPC), Merhav Group of Israel, and an Egyptian businessman) to supply $2.5 billion worth of natural gas to Israel to be delivered via the pipeline. Source: EIA's Egypt Country Analysis Brief.

Marine pipeline. Anticipating future needs and the potential for disruption of imports from within the region, Israel is also considering building an LNG re-gasification facility or an underwater pipeline from Turkey. Source: EIA, Eastern Meditteranean Country Analysis Brief.

EIA, Egypt Aug 2006 and EIA, Eastern Mediterranean Oct 2006. BBC News, May 23, 2007, "Israel Could Buy Palestinian Gas"

GASYLE

Natural gas

Baniyas, Syria

Deir al-Ammar-Beddawi, Lebanon

26-mile

March 2005.

Imports from Syria are limited due to growing domestic needs and limited production, therefore Lebanon expects in the future that Syrian imports will be supplemented by additional imports from Egypt and delivered through the Arab Gas Pipeline (AGP). In April 2006, Lebanon announced plans to construct a second pipeline from Syria to the Zahrani power station in south Lebanon, though plans are on hold due to the recent conflict with Israel. Source: EIA, Eastern Mediterranean Country Analysis Brief.

EIA, Eastern Mediterranean Oct 2006

Haditha, Iraq - Zarqa, Jordan (No official name)

Oil

Jordan is looking to revive discussion with Iraq regarding the pipeline, though due to security concerns it is likely that near-term Iraqi fuel exports will continue to be transported in trucks. Source: EIA, Eastern Meditteranean Oct 2006.

Haditha, Iraq

Zarqa, and potentially Aqaba, Jordan

1.2 million bbl/d

190-mile

$2 billion

EIA, Eastern Mediterranean Oct 2006

Rashediah, Saudi Arabia - Aqaba, Jordan (No official name)

Oil

Jordan has announced plans to tender construction. The timeline of the project is unknown. Source: EIA, Eastern Mediterranean Country Analysis Brief.

Rashediah, Saudi Arabia

Aqaba port, Jordan

150,000 bbl/d

27-mile

24-inch

$65 million (est.)

EIA, Eastern Mediterranean Oct 2006

Iran-Pakistan-India (IPI)

Natural gas

An MOU was signed in 1993 between India and Iran. An MOU between Iran and Pakistan was signed February 2002 for a pre-feasibility study. In September 2005, India and Pakistan agreed to seek third-party verification of Iran's natural gas reserves before proceeding with the pipeline project. In Aug 2006 Iran and Pakistan extended an April 2005 signed MOU until 2007. An international consultant was appointed in summer 2006 to help mediate pricing issues. Iran has offered to cover 60% of the construction costs and Pakistani officials have stressed their ability to safeguard the pipeline. If India decides to forego its part in the project, Pakistan and Iran have agreed to work on a bilateral Iran-Pakistan pipeline project. Source: EIA, Iran and Pakistan Country Analysis Briefs.

South Pars fields, Iran

Gujarat, India

Pakistan

2.8 Bcf/d

approx. 1,700-mile

$3-4 billion

Australia's BHP Billiton is the main foreign backer of the idea. Iran is offering to cover 60% of the construction costs of the pipeline.

Pakistan could earn about $70 million annually in transit fees and would also be able to purchase natural gas from the pipeline. Source: EIA, Iran Country Analysis Brief.

Given a thaw in India-Pakistan relations over the past couple of years, the pipeline idea has recently gained interest. Source: EIA, Iran Country Analysis Brief.

There have also been discussions of extending the pipeline to China.

EIA, Iran August 2006, EIA, Pakistan Dec 2006 and EIA, India Jan 2007

Nabucco

Natural gas

Project launched in 2002. MOU between Austria's OMV and the National Iranian Gas Export Co. (NIGEC) signed in January 2004. Negotiations concerning the project concluded in June 2006. Construction set to begin in 2008 and end in 2011.

Turkey

Austria

Bugaria, Romania, Hungary

Initial: 280-460 Bcf/y in 2011, rising as high as 1,100 Bcf/y by 2020.

2,050-mile

$5.8 billion

Negotiations concerning the project between the natural gas companies of five countries--Bulgaria's Bulgargaz EAD, Romania's Tranzgas SNTGN, Turkey's Botas, Turkey's Boru Hatlari ile Petrol Tasima AS, Hungary's MOL, and Austria's OMV--concluded in June 2006 with the formation of the Nabucco Company Pipeline Study Group, formed to undertake construction of the pipeline network.

Turkey suspended talks with Gaz de France on possible cooperation on the pipeline project in reaction to a French bill making it a crime to deny that the mass killings of Armenians in Ottoman Turkey amounted to genocide. The other four countries involved--Bulgaria, Romania, Austria, and Hungary--have already approved Gaz de France's participation in the pipeline. Source: Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty "Turkey Halts Pipeline Talks with France"

EIA, Iran August 2006, EIA, Turkey Oct 2006 and EIA, North-Central Europe Feb 2006. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, April 5 2007, "Turkey Halts Pipeline Talks with France"

Iran-Armenia

Natural gas

Agreement to build pipeline signed in 1992. Construction begun early 2005. First section completed March 2007.

Iran

Armenia

1.08 Mmcm/y with plans to double volume by 2019.

85-mile

1,200 mm

Inaugurated March 2007

$200 million

Iranian portion financed by Iranian Bank of Export and Development.

In exchange for the gas, Armenia will provide Iran with 3 kilowatts of electricity per cubic meter of gas. Earlier in 2006, Armenia maintained that the 140-km pipeline was being built with a diameter of 1,200 mm, despite Russian pressure to reduce it to 711 mm.

EIA, Caucasus Region Factsheet May 2006, EIA, Iran August 2006, and BBC News Report "Iran, Armenia open gas pipeline" March 19, 2007. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, March 19 2007, "Iranian, Armenian Presidents Inaugurate Gas Pipeline". Alexander's Gas & Oil, Sept 14 2006, "Second Iran-Armenia Gas Pipeline on the Horizon"

Iran-Turkey (Tabriz-Ankara)

Natural gas

Tabriz, Iran

Ankara, Turkey

495 Bcf/y. Since start of project, annual levels have generally been within 100-150 Bcf/y.

750-mile

Inaugurated Janurary 2002

Explosions have taken place in August 2006 and October 2006, said to be enacted by Kurdish separatists. Source: EIA Turkey Country Analysis Brief and Reuters, 02 Oct 2006: "Iran-Turkey gas pipeline to restart after blast". Also, there have been several supply disruptions: On January 19, 2006, Iran reduced natural gas flows through the line to 423 Mmcf/d, citing "technical problems" caused by cold weather at the Tabriz natural gas field. At that time, the line should have been exporting 955 Mmcf/d of natural gas to Turkey. When natural gas flows through the pipeline had not returned to normal in February, Turkey began purchasing additional natural gas from Russia through the Blue Stream pipeline. Source: EIA Turkey Country Analysis Brief.

In March 2002, Greece and Iran signed a $300 million agreement which calls for extending the pipeline into northern Greece, after which gas could be transported to Europe via Bulgaria and possibly Romania. An MOU was signed on this possibility in Jan 2003 and a joint working group set up in Oct 2003. Source: EIA, Iran Country Analysis Brief.

EIA, Iran August 2006 and EIA, Turkey Oct 2006

Strategic Pipeline (North-South system)

Oil

Iraq

Turkey

700,000 bbl/d

1975

Iraqi oil sales and exports are currently being handled by the State Oil Marketing Organization (SOMO). Source: EIA, Iraq Country Analysis Brief.

Pipeline was disabled during the 1990/1991 Gulf War. Iraq's Northern Oil Company (NOC) estimated in June 2003 that it would take "a long time" to resume operation on the pipeline. Source: EIA, Iraq Country Analysis Brief.

A reversible pipeline consisting of two parallel lines with combined 1.4 million bbl/d.

EIA, Iraq June 2006

Basra, Iraq - Abadan, Iran (No official name)

Oil

MOU signed July 2005 involving construction and swap agreement.

Basra, Iraq

Abadan refinery, Iran

350,000 bbl/d

24-mile

Iraqi oil sales and exports are currently being handled by the State Oil Marketing Organization (SOMO). Source: EIA, Iraq Country Analysis Brief.

In exchange, Iran would ship refined products back to Iraq. One potential problem for the deal revolves around the ability of the Abadan refinery to process Basrah Light in significant volumes. Another is the fact that Iran already faces a severe shortfall in its own domestic gasoline supplies, making exports of gasoline problematic. Source: IEA, Iraq Country Analysis Brief.

EIA, Iraq June 2006

Banias (aka Kirkuk-Banias) [Map]

Oil

Kirkuk, Iraq

Banias, Syria and Tripoli, Lebanon

200,000 bbl/d

550-mile

32-inch

1956

Iraqi oil sales and exports are currently being handled by the State Oil Marketing Organization (SOMO). Source: EIA, Iraq Country Analysis Brief.

Between 2001 and March 2003, Iraq and Syria utilized Banias in violation of U.N. sanctions. Source: EIA, Iraq Country Analysis Brief

Iraq and Syria had talked of building a new, parallel pipeline as a replacement for the Banias line. In March 2003, flows on the pipeline were halted. In early March 2004, it was reported by Dow Jones that the pipeline was ready for use at 250,000 bbl/d. Source: EIA, Iraq Country Analysis Brief.

EIA, Iraq June 2006

Kirkuk-Ceyhan

Oil

Kirkuk, Iraq

Ceyhan, Turkey

First line: 1.1 million bbl/d. Second line: 500,000 bbl/d. Combined, optimal capacity of around 1.6 million bbl/d. First line reportedly could handle only around 900,000 bbl/d pre-war. In June 2006, the northern route reported flow rates between 150,000 and 550,000 bbl/d. Source: EIA, Iraq Country Analysis Brief.

600-mile

First line: 40-inch. Second line: 46-inch

Iraqi oil sales and exports are currently being handled by the State Oil Marketing Organization (SOMO). Source: EIA, Iraq Country Analysis Brief.

In response to attacks between April 2003 and June 2006 on Iraqi energy infrastructures, the U.S. miliatary set up Task Force Shield to guard Iraq's energy infrastructure, particularly the Kirkuk-Ceyhan pipeline. In Aug 2003, a South African security company, Erinys International, won a contract to train armed guards to protect oil wells, pipelines, refineries and power plants. In support of Erinys, Florida-based AirScan Inc. provides aerial surveillance of Iraqi pipelines. Under Saddam Hussein, Iraqi pipelines were guarded in part by local tribes, and in part by two army divisions. Kirkuk-Ceyhan has been a main target for sabotage since June 2003, and is open only sporadically. The line was also damaged when the Al Fatha bridge near Baiji collapsed on it after being bombed by U.S. planes during the war, requiring major repairs, including the drilling of a new tunnel under the Tigris river, which was reportedly complete by late 2005. Source: EIA, Iraq Country Analysis Brief.

Dual pipeline

EIA, Iraq June 2006

Kuwait-Iraq

Natural gas

There are current plans between Kuwait and Iraq to restart the pipeline. MOU between two governments concluded December 2004. First phase of plan not yet implemented.

Rumaila field, Iraq

Ahmadi, Kuwait

300 Mmcf/d

100-mile

40-inch

$800 million refurbishment costs

Iraqi oil sales and exports are currently being handled by the State Oil Marketing Organization (SOMO). Source: EIA, Iraq Country Analysis Brief.

The security situation in Iraq has prevented even the first phase of the refurbishment plan from being implemented.

The first phase of the refurbishment project would involve only 35 Mmcf/d which would be transported through the existing pipeline. The second phase would refurbish the pipeline and associated pumping stations, which would allow the volume to increase to 200 Mmcf/d. Source: EIA, Kuwait Country Analysis Brief.

EIA, Kuwait Nov 2006

Ras Laffan, Oatar - Al-Zour South, Kuwait (No official name)

Natural gas

MOU signed February 2003, though Saudi Arabia has expressed opposition to the pipeline, which is to pass through Saudi territorial waters, and has not granted approval. Source: EIA Kuwait Country Analysis Brief.

Ras Laffan port, Qatar

Al-Zour South, Kuwait

Saudi Arabia

$2 billion

Qatar Petrolem and ExxonMobil (operator of Qatar's North Field) signed an agreement on supplying the natural gas.

Saudi Arabia has expressed opposition to the pipeline, which is to pass through Saudi territorial waters, and has not granted approval, according to EIA's Kuwait Country Analysis Brief.

EIA, Kuwait Nov 2006

Empty Quarter, Saudi Arabia - Yemen (No official name)

Oil

Feasibility study planned. Details of proposed project unavailable.

Empty Quarter, Saudi Arabia

Yemen

EIA, Saudi Arabia Feb 2007

New Arabia

Oil

Expected to come online in 2008.

Abqaiq, Saudi Arabia

Sitra, Bahrain

225-450,000 bbl/d

71-mile

EIA, Saudi Arabia Feb 2007 and EIA, Bahrain April 2007

Saudi Arabia-Bahrain

Oil

Abu Saafra and Dammam fileds, Saudi Arabia

Bahrain

Range from 207,000 to 250,000 bbl/d.

1947

Only functioning international crude carrier, comprised of four small subsea pipelines. To be decommissioned after construction of the "New Arabia" pipeline.

EIA, Saudi Arabia Feb 2007

IPSA

Oil

Iraq

Mu'ajjiz port, Saudi Arabia

1.65 million bbl/d

48-inch

1989

Built during the Iran-Iraq war. Closed indefinitely following the August 1990 Iraqi invasion of Kuwait. In June 2001, Saudi Arabia expropriated the line, despite Iraqi protests. In 2003, Iraq's interim oil minister said he hoped Iraq would be able to use the IPSA line again, however the Saudis have stated they are not willing to do this, having converted the line to carry natural gas to Yanbu for domestic use. Source: EIA Saudi Arabia and Iraq Country Analysis Briefs.

Runs parallel to Saudi Arabia's domestic pipeline, the Petroline.

EIA, Saudi Arabia Feb 2007 and EIA, Iraq June 2006

Trans-Arabian (Tapline)

Oil

Qaisumah, Saudi Arabia

Sidon, Lebanon (originally Haifa)

Jordan, Syria

300,000 bbl/d, eventually rising to 500,000 bbl/d

1214-km

30-inch

Originally constructed in 1940s

According to IEA's Eastern Mediterranean Country Analysis Brief, partly as a result of turmoil in Lebanon, and partly for economic reasons, oil exports via the Tapline were halted in 1975. In 1983, Tapline's Lebanese section was closed altogether. Since then, the Tapline has been used exclusively to supply oil to Jordan, although Saudi Arabia terminated this arrangement temporarily to display displeasure with perceived Jordanian support for Iraq in the 1990/1 Gulf War. Since early 2005, rehabilitation of part of the Tapline at an estimated cost of $100 to $300 million has been one of the strategic options being considered by the Jordanian government to meet oil needs.

EIA, Saudi Arabia Feb 2007 and EIA, Eastern Mediterranean Oct 2006

Oman-UAE

Natural gas

Oman

Fujairah, UAE

135 Mmcf/d

182-km

Januray 2004.

Built by Dodsal of India. Fujairah is importing natural gas from Oman under a contract held by Dolphin Energy Ltd (DEL), a JV controlled 51% by the Abu Dhabi-owned Mobadala Development, with each of Total and Occidential Petroleum of the US holding 24.5%. .

According to the EIA UAE Country Analysis Brief, eventually Qatari natural gas will be supplied to Fujairah once the Dolphin Project is completed, and the direction of the pipeline will be reversed by 2008, allowing for Omani imports of Qatari natural gas.

EIA, UAE June 2006. APS Review Gas Market Trends, Feb 13 2006, "Oman - Exporting Gas To UAE; Imports From Qatar Start From '08."

Dolphin Project

Natural gas

UAE Offsets Group (UOG) and Qatar Petroleum signed Statement of Principles in March 1999 and signed a natural gas sales agreement in March 2001. Upstream development in Qatar began in 2003, financing for the subsea pipeline was concluded in late 2004, and initial deliveries of natural gas to the UAE are expected to begin in the first quarter of 2007. Source: EIA, UAE Country Analysis Brief.

North Dome field, Qatar

northern Oman

Abu Dhabi and Dubai, UAE

3 Bcf/d

It will start at 48-inches, narrowing to 30-inches by the time it reaches Oman.

$8-10 billion (est.)

Possible subsea connection from Oman to Pakistan.

EIA, UAE June 2006

Saudi Arabia - Hadramout, Yemen (No official name)

Oil

Further negotiations taking place following July 2002 agreement between Yemen and Saudi Arabia to construct the first international pipeline from Saudi Arabia to Yemen.

Saudi Arabia

Hadramout, Yemen

Pipeline will be used for exports from exploration and production ventures in the Saudi portion of Rub' Al Khali involving a Shell-Total partnership, LUKoil of Russia, Sinochem of China, and an Agip-Repsol partnership. Source: EIA Yemen Country Analysis Brief

EIA, Yemen Sept 2006