REGION TRANSNATIONAL PIPELINE (NAME) OIL/GAS PLANNED (P), IN-PROGRESS (IP) or COMPLETED (C) IF BEING PLANNED, IN WHICH STAGE OF PLANNING. ALSO, PROJECTED START/COMPLETION DATES. STARTING POINT ENDING POINT TRANSIT STATE(S) CAPACITY (INITIAL) LENGTH DIAMETER DATE OF COMPLETION OPERATION COMMENCEMENT DATE CAPITAL COST  OWNERSHIP/MANAGEMENT TARIFF/TRANSIT FEES DISPUTES ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES NOTES SOURCE SECURITY SIZE OF SECURITY TARGET OF TERRORIST ATTACK
GOVERNMENT PROVIDED / FUNDED PRIVATELY FUNDED NUMBER OF SECURITY PERSONNEL COSTS IF YES, LAST INCIDENT (YEAR)?
NEWLY INDEPENDENT STATES                                       I N  P R O C E S S  O F  B E I N G  C O M P L E T E D 
  Nordstream (NEGP/North European Gas Pipeline) [Map] Natural gas   The first pipe, to be laid in phase 1 of the project, will be commissioned before the end of 2010. The second phase is projected to come on line in 2012. Off-branches are also planned to Finland, Kaliningrad (Baltic Russia), and Sweden. Vyborg, Russia Greifswald, Germany   Initially one pipeline will be built with a transport capacity of around 27.5 billion cubic metres of natural gas per annum. In the second phase, a parallel pipeline will be laid to double the transport capacity to around 55 billion cubic metres a year.  Over 2,000-miles. About 700-miles will pass under the Baltic Sea. A 917-km on-shore connection is being built by Gazprom to connect Nord Stream to the Russian gas transmission system. 48-inch     $5.7 billion GazProm controls a majority, 51%, of the pipeline and the German energy companies BASF and E.ON each own a 24.5% share.   One reason behind Russia's decision to construct the pipeline was to bypass Ukraine, which is a major transit state for Russian gas, due to allegations of gas-siphoning and non-payment, which ultimately resulted in the Ukrainian gas-shutoff of January 2006. However, it is contended that the shut-offs took place to pressure the Ukrainian government to accept increases in the purchase price of Russian natural gas and/or as part of a political maneuvering in opposition to the pro-Western Ukrainian government. The gas shut-offs resulted in a shortage of gas throughout Western Europe. For further details, see BBC News "Ukraine Gas Row Hits EU Supplies"  In November 2006 Gazprom and Germany's BASF and E.ON submitted project information to Baltic Sea countries for the start of an environmental impact assessment. The NEGP will bypass Ukraine, the main transit state for Russian natural gas supplies. The pipeline will carry gas to Germany, from where it can be transported onwards to Denmark, the Netherlands, Belgium, the UK, and France. EIA, Russia Apr 2007 and EIA, Germany Dec 2006. Nordstream website (http://www.nord-stream.ru/eng/). BBC News, January 1 2006, "Ukraine Gas Row Hits EU Supplies"          
Turkmenistan-Afghanistan B23-Pakistan-India (TAPI/Trans-Afghan Pipeline) [Map] Natural gas P Proposal re-emerged. The Asian Development Bank sponsored a feasibility study of the project by the British firm Penspen in January 2005. India was invited to join the project in February 2006. Dauletabad, Turkmenistan Fazilka, India Afghanistan, Pakistan 2-3 Bcf/d 1,050-mile 56-inch     $3.3 billion Unocal has led a consortium of companies from Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, Turkmenistan, Japan and South Korea to build the pipeline. Afghanistan's President Karzai has stated his belief that the project could generate $100-300 million per year in transit fees. Source: EIA's Afghanistan Country Analysis Brief. During the mid-1990s, Unocal had pursued the TAP project, but pulled out after the U.S. missile strikes against Afghanistan in August 1998. Source: EIA's Afghanistan Country Analysis Brief.   Lack of an international investor, independent verification of Turkmenistan's gas reserves, and security concerns have kept construction from beginning. Source: IEA Caspian Sea Analysis, Jan 2007  EIA, Caspian Sea Analysis Jan 2007, EIA, India Jan 2007 and EIA, Afghanistan Feb 2006. BBC News, May 13 2002, "Afghanistan Plans Gas Pipeline"          
Bulgaria to Greece Interconnect Natural gas C   Russia Greece Ukraine, Moldova, Romania, Bulgaria       1997               Victor, David G. (ed.), Amy M. Jaffe and Mark H. Hayes, Natural Gas and Geopolitics: From 1970 to 2040. Cambridge University Press, 2006          
USSR-Poland Natural gas C   USSR Poland         1950               Victor, David G. (ed.), Amy M. Jaffe and Mark H. Hayes, Natural Gas and Geopolitics: From 1970 to 2040. Cambridge University Press, 2006          
USSR-Afghan Natural gas C   Afghanistan USSR         late 1960s               Victor, David G. (ed.), Amy M. Jaffe and Mark H. Hayes, Natural Gas and Geopolitics: From 1970 to 2040. Cambridge University Press, 2006          
USSR-Turkey Natural gas C   Russia Turkey         1986               Victor, David G. (ed.), Amy M. Jaffe and Mark H. Hayes, Natural Gas and Geopolitics: From 1970 to 2040. Cambridge University Press, 2006          
IGAT-I Natural gas C   Iran USSR         1970               Victor, David G. (ed.), Amy M. Jaffe and Mark H. Hayes, Natural Gas and Geopolitics: From 1970 to 2040. Cambridge University Press, 2006          
Ringpipeline Natural gas C   Bulgaria Macedonia Ukraine, Romania       1995             Source country is Russia Victor, David G. (ed.), Amy M. Jaffe and Mark H. Hayes, Natural Gas and Geopolitics: From 1970 to 2040. Cambridge University Press, 2006          
Soyuz-Romania Interconnect Natural gas C   Russia Romania Ukraine       1999               Victor, David G. (ed.), Amy M. Jaffe and Mark H. Hayes, Natural Gas and Geopolitics: From 1970 to 2040. Cambridge University Press, 2006          
Urengoy Natural gas C   Urengoy, USSR Austria, Germany, France, Switzerland, Italy former Czechoslovakia, Germany, Austria 40 Bcm/y     1985               Victor, David G. (ed.), Amy M. Jaffe and Mark H. Hayes, Natural Gas and Geopolitics: From 1970 to 2040. Cambridge University Press, 2006. Victor, David G. and Nadejda Makarova Victor. "The Belarus Connection: Exporting Russian Gas to Germany and Poland." Prepared for the Geopolitics of Natural Gas Study, a joint project of the Program on Energy and Sustainable Development at Stanford University and the James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy of Rice University, May 2004.          
Yamburg (Progress) [Map] Natural gas           30 Bcm/y                     Victor, David G. and Nadejda Makarova Victor. "The Belarus Connection: Exporting Russian Gas to Germany and Poland." Prepared for the Geopolitics of Natural Gas Study, a joint project of the Program on Energy and Sustainable Development at Stanford University and the James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy of Rice University, May 2004.          
Northern Lights (Beltransgaz or Siyaniye Severa) Natural gas     Russia Poland, Germany Belarus, Ukraine 25 Bcm/y Capacity increased from 20.5 Bcm received in 2006 to 21.2 Bcm in 2007 with the possibility of a further 0.6 Bcm if conditions allow.           $1.45 per mcm/100km. When Belarus refused to sign a contract regarding an increase in gas prices, Gazprom stopped shipping gas to Belarus via Beltransgaz’s Northern Lights pipeline on January 1, 2004, letting independents – Itera, SIBUR and TransNafta - supply at a price averaging $46.68/mcm under short-term contracts. Less than a day after the cut off, Beltransgaz signed a new short-term supply contract with TransNafta. Source: Stern   Part of the Transgas Pipeline Network. Yafimava, Katja  and Jonathan Stern. "The 2007 Russia-Belarus Gas Agreement." Oxford Energy Comment, Oxford Institute for Energy Studies, January 2007. Victor, David G. (ed.), Amy M. Jaffe and Mark H. Hayes, Natural Gas and Geopolitics: From 1970 to 2040. Cambridge University Press, 2006. Victor, David G. and Nadejda Makarova Victor. "The Belarus Connection: Exporting Russian Gas to Germany and Poland." Prepared for the Geopolitics of Natural Gas Study, a joint project of the Program on Energy and Sustainable Development at Stanford University and the James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy of Rice University, May 2004.          
Orenburg (Soyuz) Natural gas C   West Siberia, Russia Bulgaria, Hungary former Czechoslovakia, Romania 30 Bcm/y     1975               EIA, North-Central Europe Feb 2006. Victor, David G. (ed.), Amy M. Jaffe and Mark H. Hayes, Natural Gas and Geopolitics: From 1970 to 2040. Cambridge University Press, 2006.Victor, David G. and Nadejda Makarova Victor. "The Belarus Connection: Exporting Russian Gas to Germany and Poland." Prepared for the Geopolitics of Natural Gas Study, a joint project of the Program on Energy and Sustainable Development at Stanford University and the James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy of Rice University, May 2004.          
Brotherhood (Bratstvo) Natural gas C   Russia Slovakia Ukraine 30 Bcm/y                   Part of the Transgas Pipeline Network. Gas is also transmitted to Hungary, Czech Republic and Western Europe. EIA, North-Central Europe Feb 2006. Victor, David G. (ed.), Amy M. Jaffe and Mark H. Hayes, Natural Gas and Geopolitics: From 1970 to 2040. Cambridge University Press, 2006. Victor, David G. and Nadejda Makarova Victor. "The Belarus Connection: Exporting Russian Gas to Germany and Poland." Prepared for the Geopolitics of Natural Gas Study, a joint project of the Program on Energy and Sustainable Development at Stanford University and the James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy of Rice University, May 2004.          
USSR-Czechoslovakia Natural gas C   Shebelnika, Ukraine; West Siberia, USSR former Czechoslovakia         1968             Part of the Transgas Pipeline Network. Victor, David G. (ed.), Amy M. Jaffe and Mark H. Hayes, Natural Gas and Geopolitics: From 1970 to 2040. Cambridge University Press, 2006          
Trans-Austrian Gas Pipeline (TAG) [Map] Natural gas C   West Siberia, Russia Italy Baumgarten, Austria (near Austrian-Slovakian border) 6.5 Bcm, to be increased by 20 Mcm by 2008 380-km   1974     Managed by Eni, an Italian multinational oil and gas company, and Austria's OMV. Natural gas supplied by Gazprom/Gazexport.       During the USSR the pipeline, as part of the Transgas Pipeline Network, imported gas from West Siberia for use by Austria, Czechoslovakia and Italy. EIA, Italy May 2006. Eni Operations & Strageties website. Edison Annual Report 2005. Victor, David G. (ed.), Amy M. Jaffe and Mark H. Hayes, Natural Gas and Geopolitics: From 1970 to 2040. Cambridge University Press, 2006          
USSR-Finland Natural gas C   former Leningrad, Russia Finland         1974               Victor, David G. (ed.), Amy M. Jaffe and Mark H. Hayes, Natural Gas and Geopolitics: From 1970 to 2040. Cambridge University Press, 2006          
Korpezhe-Kurt Kui  Natural gas C   Korpezhe, Turkmenistan Kurt-Kui, Iran   Initial: 300 Bcf/y. Actual used capacity: 180 Bcf/y. In Sept 2005 Turkmenistan installed a new $140 million gas processor to facilitate higher natural gas flows to Iran. 120-mile   December 1997.   $190 million         35% of Turkmen supplies allocated as payment for Iran's contribution to building the pipeline. This is the first natural gas export pipeline in Central Asia to bypass Russia. Source: EIA, Iran August 2006 EIA, Central Asia Sept 2005 and EIA, Iran August 2006          
Central Asia-Center (CAC) Natural gas C   Two branches: western branch delivers Turkmen gas from Caspian Sea region, eastern branch delivers gas from eastern Turkmenistan and southern Uzbekistan. Alexandrov Gay, Russia The two branches meet in Beyneu, Kazakhstan  4.4 Bcf/d currently, to be increased to 5.2 bcf/d in 2007     1974             On May 2007, the presidents of Russia, Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan agreed a landmark gas pipeline deal on pipeline restoration and new construction from Turkmenistan to Russia via Kazakhstan. Russia's President Putin said concrete work on the project would begin in the first half of 2008, and would increase initial 10 bcm/y capacity along the route by at least 12 bcm per year by 2012. Source: Forbes.com "Russia, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan Agree Landmark Gas Pipeline Deal" EIA, Kazakhstan Oct 2006 and EIA, Central Asia Sept 2005 and EIA, Caspian Sea Analysis Jan 2007. Forbes.com, May 13 2007, "Russia, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan Agree Landmark Gas Pipeline Deal."          
Atyrau-Samara Oil C   Ayrau, Kazakhstan Samara, Russia   310,000 bbl/d 432-mile       Increase in capacity cost approx. $37.5 million           EIA, Caspian Sea Region: Reserves and Pipelines, July 2002          
Northern Route Export Pipeline Oil IP   Kazakh section of the Caspian Sea Novorossiysk, Russia   650,000 bbl/d 990-mile         Built by the Caspian Pipeline Consortium (CPC).          EIA, Turkey Oct 2006          
Tashkent-Bishkek-Almaty Natural gas C   Tashkent, Uzbekistan Almaty, Kazakhstan Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan                 According to EIA's Kazakhstan Country Analysis Brief, erratic pricing and supplies from Uzbekistan, combined with illegal tapping of the pipeline by Kyrgyzstan have resulted in significant disruptions to Almaty in the middle of the heating season, resulting in Kazakhstan's desire to end its dependence on imported supplies for its southern regions. According to EIA's Central Asia Factsheet, in 2005 Kyrgzgaz agreed to pay cash for the natural gas instead of electricity and water supplies: the non-cash terms of the previous agreement complicated relations between the two states resulting in Uzbekistan cutting off natural gas supplies to Kyrgyzstan in 2004 and 2005.     EIA, Kazakhstan Oct 2006 and EIA, Central Asia Sept 2005          
Central Asia Oil Pipeline (CAOP) Oil P Stalled due to continuing unrest in Afghanistan and insufficient availability of Uzbek oil. Uzbekistan/Turkmenistan Pakistan Afghanistan 1 million bbl/d 1,040-mile       $2.5 billion              EIA, Central Asia Sept 2005 and EIA, Caspian Sea Region: Reserves and Pipelines July 2002          
Kazakhstan-China [Map] Natural gas P Feasibility study conducted in February 2005 between KazMunaiGas (KMG) and CNPC. Construction agreement signed in August 2005. Could be operational by 2009. Exact route yet undetermined. Kazakhstan China   1060 bcf/y. Initial flow estimated at 350 bcf/y           Feasibility study and construction agreement signed by Kazakhstan's state-owned KazMunaiGas (KMG) and China's state-owned CNPC.       According to EIA's Kazakhstan Country Analysis Brief, Turkmenistan is considering a separate pipeline route from eastern Turkmenistan, possibly through Kazakhstan or Uzbekistan to Guandun province, China.  EIA, Kazakhstan Oct 2006 and EIA, China Aug 2006           
Kazakhstan-China (aka Sino-Kazakh) [Map] Oil IP First stage completed in 2003. Second section completed in 2006. Final stage scheduled to begin 2011. Atasu, Kazakhstan Alashankou, Xinjiang region, China   200,000 bbl/d with plans to double capacity by 2010. 620-mile 813-mm   Second section completed in 2006. First delivery reached China on July 29, 2006. $850 million Project developed and operated by the Sino-Kazakh Pipeline Company, a 50:50 joint venture between state-owned China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC) and Kazakhstan's KazTransOil.       Project followed CNPC's purchase of PetroKazakhstan in Oct 2005, whose assets included 11 oil fields. Half the imported oil comes from Kazakhstan and half from Russia. Source: EIA's China Country Analysis Brief. EIA, Kazakhstan Oct 2006 and EIA, China Aug 2006           
Baku-Tblisi-Ceyhan (BTC) [Map] Oil C   Baku, Azerbaijan Ceyhan, Turkey Tbilisi, Georgia 1 million bbl/d. Oil exports via BTC averaged roughly 210,000 bbl/d from June-September 2006, and volumes are expected to climb to 500,000 bbl/d by early 2007. The capacity will be upgraded to 1 million bbl/d sometime between 2008 and 2009. 1,768-km (443-km through Azerbaijan, 249-km through Georgia and 1,076-km through Turkey to the Ceyhan Marine Terminal.)     May 2005. $3.9 billion Operated by a BP-led consortium of 11 national and international oil companies, forming the BTC Pipeline Co. formed in August 2002 for this purpose, and consisting of AzBTC, Chevron, Statoil, TPAO, ENI, Total, Itochu, INPEX, ConocoPhillips, Amerada Hess. In Turkey, the BTC pipeline was constructed by state-owned BOTAS on BTC Co’s behalf under a lump sum turnkey agreement. Approximately 70% of BTC costs were being funded in the form of financing by third parties. The group providing loans, export credits and risk insurance to BTC comprises the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) and the International Finance Corporation (IFC), the private sector arm of the World Bank, export credit agencies of seven countries and a syndicate of 15 commercial banks. Source: BP Caspian website. Tariffs for members of BTC to transport oil from the Sangachal terminal to Ceyhan, including loading in Ceyhan, are as follows: $3.3 per barrel during the first phase (2005-10), $4.6 per barrel during the second phase (2010-16) and $5.5 per barrel during the third phase (2016-29). Source: EIA Caspian Sea Analysis Brief, Jan 2007. Turkey is expected to earn between $140 and $200 million per year in transit and operating fees from the project. Source: EIA, Turkey Country Analysis Brief.   According to the EIA's Caucasus Region Factsheet, environmental concerns have influenced the SCP and BTC pipelines' planned routes significantly. The Georgian government had expressed worries that the route traverses the country's Borjomi Valley, home of Georgia's famed mineral water. In Nov 2002, the Georgian Ministry of Natural Resources and BP came to an agreement stipulating that the path be adjusted around the valley. In Dec 2002, the Georgian government in concert with international experts presented a new set of environmental security standards for the project. First transnational pipeline to transport Caspian oil to the Mediterranean without crossing Russian soil or passing through the Bosporus or Turkish Straits. Kazakhstan will also send some oil through BTC, mainly from the Kashagan project. Line reaches an elevation of more than 9,000 feet when traversing the Caucasus Mountains. The entire length of the line is buried for security reasons. EIA, Azerbaijan Aug 2006, EIA, Caspian Sea Jan 2007 and EIA, Turkey Oct 2006. BP Caspian website.          
Georgia-Ukraine-EU (GUEU) Natural gas P Consortium led by New York-based Radon & Ishizumi, London-based Pipeline Systems Engineering (PSE), and several independent parties are completing the pre-feasibility study. Georgia EU Ukraine 8 bcm/y in the first phase  approx. 1,000-km. Tbilisi to Supsa: 100-km, Supsa to Crimea, Ukraine: 650-km (across seabed), Crimea to Ukraine's gas transit sytem: 200-km Section across the Crimea might use an existing, 20-inch diameter pipeline. 42-inches for the land section in Georgia, and 24-inches for the seabed section.     $2 billion Consortium led by New York-based Radon & Ishizumi, London-based Pipeline Systems Engineering (PSE), and several independent parties.       The second phase would add another 8 billion cubic meters of gas annually, either from Shah Deniz or from Kazakhstan by trans-Caspian pipeline. That expansion would require a parallel 24-inch diameter pipeline on the seabed from Georgia to the Crimea. The third phase would add another 16 billion cubic meters of gas annually from Turkmenistan, based on the expectation that trans-Caspian links would be in place by that time. Eventually, GUEU could carry a total 32 billion cubic meters of Caspian gas annually to EU territory. Jamestown Foundation's Eurasia Daily Monitor "Trans-Black Sea Pipeline Can Bring Caspian Gas to Europe" by Vladimir Socor, December 7, 2006.          
Baku-Novorossiysk (Northern Route) Oil C   Baku, Azerbaijan Novorossiysk, Russia   50,000-90,000 bbl/d 868-mile     November 1997.           According to EIA's Azerbaijan Country Analysis Brief, the Baku-Novorossiysk pipeline closed briefly in late June 2004 after oil theives set off an explosion when during an attempt to steal oil from the pipeline. The Azeri state company began reducing oil exports via the pipeline in Aug 2005 in order to divert the crude to the BTC. EIA, Azerbaijan Aug 2006 and EIA, Caspian Sea Region: Reserves and Pipelines July 2002          
Baku-Supsa (aka "Western Early Oil Pipeline" and "Western Route Export Pipeline" ) Oil C   Baku, Azerbaijan Supsa, Georgia   155,000 bbl/d 515-mile     April 1999. $600 million           EIA, Azerbaijan Aug 2006 and EIA, Caspian Sea Region: Reserves and Pipelines July 2002          
Baku-Astara Natural gas C   Azerbaijan Iran   2.47 Bcf in 2006, rising to 12.4 Bcf per year by 2009             Iran will receive a 15% commission on transit fees.     Due to tensions between Azerbaijan and Armenia, Azerbaijan began implementing a swap deal that provides natural gas to Azerbaijan's geographically separate Nakhchivan enclave. Azerbaijan is sending natural gas into Iran via the Baku Astara Pipeline, and Iran then delivers the gas via a new 30 mile pipeline into the enclave. Source: EIA's Azerbaijan Country Analysis Brief. EIA, Azerbaijan Aug 2006          
South Caucasus Pipeline (SCP), aka Baku-Tbilisi- Erzerum/BTE/Shah-Deniz Pipeline+B6 Natural gas C   Shah Deniz, Azerbaijan Turkey Georgia 233 Bcf, may be increased to 700 Bcf with future additions of compressor stations.  550-mile     December 15 2006. $1.3 billion BP and Norway's Statoil each hold a 25.5% stake in the project and serve as co-operators. SOCAR (State Oil Company of Azerbaijan Republic), Russia's Lukoil, Turkey's TPAO, France's Total, and Iran's NICO holding around 10% each. The SCP consortium has dual operatorship with BP as the technical operator responsible for construction and operation of the SCP facilities. Statoil, as commercial operator, is responsible for SCP's business development and administration. Source: EIA, Azerbaijan Country Analysis Brief, Aug 2006 Georgia is obligated to receive 5% of the gas carried or it must pay a fee, according to the EIA's Caucasus Region Factsheet.   According to the EIA's Caucasus Region Factsheet, environmental concerns have influenced the SCP and BTC pipelines' planned routes significantly. The Georgian government had expressed worries that the route traverses the country's Borjomi Valley, home of Georgia's famed mineral water. In Nov 2002, the Georgian Ministry of Natural Resources and BP came to an agreement stipulating that the path be adjusted around the valley. In Dec 2002, the Georgian government in concert with international experts presented a new set of environmental security standards for the project. Will run parallel to the BTC pipeline. Azerbaijani natural gas will then be transported between Karacabey, Turkey and Komotini, Greece by the end of 2006. The pipeline bypasses Russia and could be connected to the Greece-Italy (Poseidon) pipeline. Source: EIA's Greece Country Analysis Brief. EIA, Caucasus Region Factsheet May 2006, EIA, Caspian Sea Analysis Jan 2007, EIA, Turkey Oct 2006 and EIA, Greece Aug 2006          
Blue Stream [Map] Natural gas C   Russia Turkey   565 Bcf/y. Initial schedule of 71 Bcf/y in 2002, to increase annually by 71 Bcf. Totaled 113 Bcf during 2004, 160 Bcf in 2005. Not scheduled to reach full capacity until 2010. 750-mile 1,400- 1,200- and 610- mm in land, mountain and marine sections, respectively. December 2002. Formal inauguration November 2005.   $3.2 billion. According to the Gazprom website, Gazprom and Blue Stream Pipeline Company BV as well as the bank consortium consisting of Banca Commerciale Italiana SpA, Mediocredito Centrale and Westdeutsche Landesbank Girozentrale signed a $1.3 billion credit agreement aimed at executing the project. $627 million was also attained from Japan Bank for International Cooperation JBIC and the consortium chaired by FUDJI bank with participation of Japanese insurance company NEXI/MITI.